Medidas antropométricas de obesidad general y central y capacidad discriminativa sobre el riesgo cardiovascular: estudio RICARTO / Anthropometric measurements of general and central obesity and discriminative capacity on cardiovascular risk: RICARTO study

INTRODUCCIÓN Y OBJETIVOS: El sobrepeso y la obesidad predisponen a la enfermedad cardiovascular y a la mortalidad general. No está claro qué índices de obesidad se deben utilizar en clínica. El objetivo es examinar la relación entre el índice de masa corporal (IMC), la circunferencia de la cintura (C-cintura), el cociente cintura/talla (cociente-CT) y el índice de conicidad (I-conicidad) con el riesgo cardiovascular (RCV) a 10 años estimado por la ecuación de Framingham. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Estudio transversal poblacional en ≥ 18 años del Área Sanitaria de Toledo. Selección por muestreo aleatorio. Medición de IMC, C-cintura, talla y peso con métodos estandarizados. RCV Framingham. Cálculo de áreas bajo la curva ROC (ABC) y puntos de corte óptimo. RESULTADOS: Se analizaron 1.309 personas, con edad media de 48,9 ± 15,8años; el 55% fueron mujeres. Tasa de respuesta: 36,6%. En mujeres, el índice que mejor se asoció con el RCV ≥ 10% es el cociente-CT con ABC = 0,85 (IC95%: 0,81-0,88). En hombres es el I-conicidad, con ABC = 0,81 (IC95%: 0,77-0,84). Puntos de corte: para IMC similar en mujeres (27,08 kg/m2) y hombres (26,99 kg/m2). Para C-cintura, inferior en mujeres (87,75 cm) que en hombres (94,5 cm). Para cociente-CT, superior en mujeres (0,59) que en hombres (0,56). Para I-conicidad, ligeramente inferior en mujeres (1,25) que en hombres (1,28). En mujeres, todas las curvas ROC estuvieron más próximas entre sí. CONCLUSIONES: Los índices de obesidad central (C-cintura y cociente-CT) discriminan el RCV mejor que el IMC. En mujeres, todos los índices tienen mayores áreas bajo la curva que en los hombres, excepto el I-conicidad

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Overweight and obese patients have an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and general mortality. It is not clear which obesity index should be used in the clinic. The objective is to compare the relationship between body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist-height ratio (WHR), and conicity index (Conicity-I) with 10-year Framingham cardiovascular risk (CVR). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Population cross-sectional study in subjects ≥ 18 years, residents in the Toledo (Spain) Health Area. Selection by random sampling. Measurements were made of the BMI, WC, and weight to height ratio with standardised methods. Framingham CVR. Calculation of AUC, and optimal cut-off points. RESULTS: The study included 1,309 subjects, with mean age of 48.9 ± 15.8 years, and 55% women. The response rate was 36.6%. In women, the index that was best associated with CVR in women was the WC with an AUC = 0.85 (95%CI: 0.81-0.88). In men it was the I-Conicity, with an AUC = 0.81 (95% CI: 0.77-0.84). Cut points for BMI were similar in women (27.08 kg/m2) and men (26.99 kg/m2). The WC was lower in women (87.75 cm) than in men (94.5 cm). The WHR was higher in women (0.59) than in men (0.56). The I-Conicity was slightly lower in women (1.25) than in men (1.28). In women, all the ROC curves were closest to each other. CONCLUSIONS: The central obesity indexes (WC and WHR) discriminated better than the BMI the CVR. In women, all the indices had greater AUCs than in men, except for the I-Conicity

[Anthropometric measurements of general and central obesity and discriminative capacity on cardiovascular risk: RICARTO study]. / Medidas antropométricas de obesidad general y central y capacidad discriminativa sobre el riesgo cardiovascular: estudio RICARTO.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Overweight and obese patients have an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and general mortality. It is not clear which obesity index should be used in the clinic. The objective is to compare the relationship between body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist-height ratio (WHR), and conicity index (Conicity-I) with 10-year Framingham cardiovascular risk (CVR). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Population cross-sectional study in subjects ≥18years, residents in the Toledo (Spain) Health Area. Selection by random sampling. Measurements were made of the BMI, WC, and weight to height ratio with standardised methods. Framingham CVR. Calculation of AUC, and optimal cut-off points. RESULTS: The study included 1,309 subjects, with mean age of 48.9±15.8years, and 55% women. The response rate was 36.6%. In women, the index that was best associated with CVR in women was the WC with an AUC=0.85 (95%CI: 0.81-0.88). In men it was the I-Conicity, with an AUC=0.81 (95%CI: 0.77-0.84). Cut points for BMI were similar in women (27.08kg/m2) and men (26.99kg/m2). The WC was lower in women (87.75cm) than in men (94.5cm). The WHR was higher in women (0.59) than in men (0.56). The I-Conicity was slightly lower in women (1.25) than in men (1.28). In women, all the ROC curves were closest to each other. CONCLUSIONS: The central obesity indexes (WC and WHR) discriminated better than the BMI the CVR. In women, all the indices had greater AUCs than in men, except for the I-Conicity.

Estudio de fiabilidad en la interpretación del electrocardiograma por médicos de familia y médicos residentes / Reliability study on the interpretation of electrocardiograms by general practitioners and trainees

Objetivo. Conocer la fiabilidad en la interpretación del electrocardiograma (ECG) por médicos de familia en ejercicio y médicos residentes en periodo de formación, utilizando para ello la comparación con la interpretación realizada por el cardiólogo. Material y métodos. Estudio observacional. Se incluyeron médicos de familia en ejercicio del Área de Salud de Toledo, médicos internos residentes de Medicina Familiar y Comunitaria y los médicos internos residentes de Cardiología de los 3 años iniciales del periodo formativo (R1-R3). Se utilizó un cuestionario con 13 ECG sin datos clínicos del paciente. Los 13 ECG fueron seleccionados y sus diagnósticos consensuados por 2 cardiólogos del Complejo Hospitalario de Toledo. Resultados. El porcentaje de respuestas correctas más alto (82,3%) correspondió al ECG 5 (fibrilación auricular), y el más bajo (26,5%), al ECG 11 (ritmo de la unión). La competencia diagnóstica más alta fue alcanzada por los médicos residentes de Cardiología, los médicos de familia en ejercicio, los tutores de residentes y los médicos con trabajo en el Servicio de Urgencias del hospital. Los valores más altos de odds ratio para una mayor competencia diagnóstica fueron trabajar en el Servicio de Urgencias y ser médico de familia en ejercicio, ambas con resultados casi significativos (p<0,10). Conclusiones. Los médicos de familia y los médicos residentes tienen un grado de fiabilidad medio en la interpretación del ECG con relación al cardiólogo

Objective. To determine the reliability of the interpretation of electrocardiograms (ECG) by general practitioners and those in training by making a comparison with the interpretation made by the cardiologist. Material and methods. An observational study was conducted that included general practitioners working in the Toledo Health Area, physicians during their training in Family and Community Medicine, and cardiologists in their first 3 years of specialist training (R1-R3). A questionnaire was used that included 13 ECGs with no clinical details of the patient. The 13 ECGs were selected and their diagnoses made by consensus by 2 cardiologists from the Toledo Hospital Complex. Results. The highest percentage of correct answers (82.3%) was obtained for ECG 5 (atrial fibrillation), and the lowest (26.5%) for ECG 11 (junctional rhythm). The highest diagnostic skill was achieved by the resident cardiologists, general practitioners, medical tutors, and doctors who had worked in hospital emergency departments. The highest odds ratio for a higher diagnostic skill was to work in an emergency department and be a practising general practitioner, both with almost significant results (P<.10). Conclusions. Family physicians and those in training have a medium level of reliability in the interpretation of an ECG compared to the cardiologist

Características de la población general incluida en el estudio RICARTO (RIesgo CARdiovascular y eventos cardiovasculares en la población general del área sanitaria de TOledo): resultados con los primeros 1.500 individuos incluidos en el estudio / Characteristics and cardiovascular events in a general population included in the RICARTO (RIesgo CARdiovascular TOledo) study: data from the first 1.500 individuals included in the study

Introducción. El objetivo fue investigar prevalencias de factores de riesgo cardiovascular (FRCV), lesión de órgano diana (LOD) y enfermedad cardiovascular (ECV) en población general del Área Sanitaria de Toledo para determinar el riesgo cardiovascular (RCV). Material y métodos. Estudio epidemiológico observacional que analizó una muestra de población general ≥18años seleccionada de la base de datos de tarjeta sanitaria por muestreo aleatorio sistemático estratificado por sexo y grupos de edad. Se realizaron anamnesis, exploración clínica y pruebas complementarias, congelándose a −85°C alícuotas de sangre total y suero para valorar posibles estudios genéticos. Se realizó análisis estadístico estándar. El RCV se estimó con las escalas del Proyecto SCORE calibrada para población española y del Framingham Heart Study. Resultados. Se incluyeron a 1.500 individuos (edad media 49,1±15,8años; 55,6% mujeres). Prevalencias: dislipemia 56,9% (intervalo de confianza al 95% [IC95%]: 54,3-59,4), hipertensión arterial 33,0% (IC95%: 30,6-35,4), diabetes mellitus 8,6% (IC95%: 7,17-10,1), tabaquismo 24,2% (IC95%: 22,0-26,4), obesidad 25,3% (IC95%:23,1-27,5) y sedentarismo 39,4% (IC95%: 36,9-41,8). El 21,1% no mostró ningún FRCV y el 18,6% presentó de 3 a 5. LOD: hipertrofia ventricular izquierda electrocardiográfica 4,3%, arteriopatía periférica con eco-doppler10,1% y con dispositivo oscilométrico 15,3%, microalbuminuria 4,3%, enfermedad renal oculta 3,2% y nefropatía 3,8% (CKD-EPI). El 9,2% padecía alguna ECV. El 44,6% mostró RCV (SCORE) bajo. Conclusiones. De cada 10 personas, 6 presentan dislipemia, 4 sedentarismo, 3 hipertensión, 2 tabaquismo, 2 obesidad, y casi una diabetes. Más de la mitad de los individuos muestran RCV moderado-alto-muy alto y las prevalencias de LOD y ECV son importantes

Introduction. The aim of this study was to assess cardiovascular risk (CVR) by investigating the prevalence of CVR factors (CVRF), target organ damage (TOD), and cardiovascular disease (CVD) in general population of the health area of Toledo, Spain. Material and methods. Epidemiological and observational study that analysed a sample from the general population aged 18years or older, randomly selected from a database of health cards stratified by age and gender. Clinical history, physical examination, and complementary tests were performed. Total blood and serum samples were frozen at −85°C to evaluate genetic studies in the future. Standard statistical analysis was performed. CVR was assessed by the SCORE scale calibrated for the Spanish population, and the Framingham Heart Study scale. Results. A total of 1,500 individuals (mean age 49.1±15.8years, 55.6% women) were included. Prevalences: dyslipidaemia 56.9% (95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 54.3-59.4), hypertension 33.0% (95%CI: 30.6-35.4), diabetes mellitus 8.6% (95%CI: 7.17-10.1), smoking 24.2% (95%CI; 122.0-26.4), obesity 25.3% (95%CI; 23.1-27.5), and sedentary life-style 39.4% (95%CI; 36.9-41.8). No CVRF was reported in 21.1% of cases, and 18.6% had 3-5 CVRF. TOD: electrocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy, 4.3%, peripheral artery disease, 10.1% (Doppler ultrasound), and 15.3% (oscillometric device), microalbuminuria, 4.3%, sub-clinical renal disease, 3.2%, and nephropathy in 3.8% (CKD-EPI). At least one CVD was reported in 9.2% of cases. A low CVR (SCORE) was present in 44.6% of individuals. Conclusions. Dyslipidaemia was found in 60% of individuals, 40% had a sedentary life-style, 30% with hypertension, 20% smoked, 20% obesity, and almost 10% with diabetes. More than a half of individuals have a moderate-high-very high risk. The prevalence of TOD and CVD are significant

Justificación, objetivos y diseño metodológico del estudio RICARTO (RIesgo CARdiovascular y eventos cardiovasculares en la población general del área sanitaria de TOledo) / Cardiovascular risk and cardiovascular events in the general population of the sanitary area of Toledo. RICARTO Study

Introducción. El objetivo principal es conocer en la población del Área Sanitaria de Toledo las prevalencias de factores de riesgo cardiovascular (FRCV), lesión de órgano diana (LOD) y enfermedad cardiovascular (ECV), así como los hábitos de vida (ejercicio físico y consumo de alcohol y de dieta mediterránea), para determinar el riesgo cardiovascular (RCV). Material y métodos. Estudio epidemiológico observacional que analizará una muestra de población general≥ 18 años seleccionada de la base de datos de tarjeta sanitaria por muestreo aleatorio sistemático estratificado por sexo y grupos de edad. Se realizarán anamnesis, exploración clínica y pruebas complementarias, y se congelarán a -85°C alícuotas de sangre total y suero para valorar futuros estudios genéticos. El RCV se estimará con las escalas del proyecto SCORE calibrada para población española y del Framingham Heart Study. Alcanzado el tamaño muestral estimado y transcurridos al menos 5 años de la inclusión, se realizará seguimiento de la muestra final de sujetos, analizando la evolución de FRCV, LOD, ECV y del control de FRCV, y los eventos sucedidos mortales y no mortales. Discusión. El estudio RICARTO pretende conocer las prevalencias de los principales FRCV, LOD y ECV, para determinar el RCV de la población general del Área Sanitaria de Toledo, y realizar un seguimiento de la muestra final de individuos cuando hayan transcurrido al menos 5 años de la inclusión para analizar la incidencia de eventos cardiovasculares y la evolución temporal de los estilos de vida, las prevalencias de FRCV, LOD y ECV

Introduction. The main aim of this study is to ascertain the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors (CVRF), target organ damage (TOD), cardiovascular disease (CVD), as well as life habits (physical exercise, alcohol consumption, and Mediterranean diet) in the population of a Health Area in Toledo, Spain, to assess cardiovascular risk (CVR). Material and methods. Epidemiological and observational study that will analyse a sample from the general population aged 18 years or older, randomly selected from a database of health cards, and stratified by age and gender. Clinical history, physical examination, and complementary tests will be performed. Aliquots of whole blood and serum samples will be stored at a temperature of -85°C to evaluate future genetic studies. CVR will be estimated by using SCORE project scales calibrated for Spanish population and the Framingham Heart Study scale. When the estimated sample size has been achieved and after a minimum follow-up of 5 years, a final visit will performed in which CVRF, TOD, CVD, CVRF control, and fatal and non-fatal outcomes will be evaluated. Discussion. The RICARTO study is aimed to assess the prevalence of the main CVRF, TOD and CVD in order to determine the CVR in the general population of a health area of Toledo. An analysis will be repeated on the final sample after at least 5 years of follow-up to ascertain the incidence of CV outcomes and the temporal trends of life style, as well as the prevalence of CVRF, TOD, and CVD

[Cardiovascular risk and cardiovascular events in the general population of the sanitary area of Toledo. RICARTO Study]. / Justificación, objetivos y diseño metodológico del estudio RICARTO (RIesgo CARdiovascular y eventos cardiovasculares en la población general del área sanitaria de TOledo).

INTRODUCTION: The main aim of this study is to ascertain the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors (CVRF), target organ damage (TOD), cardiovascular disease (CVD), as well as life habits (physical exercise, alcohol consumption, and Mediterranean diet) in the population of a Health Area in Toledo, Spain, to assess cardiovascular risk (CVR). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Epidemiological and observational study that will analyse a sample from the general population aged 18 years or older, randomly selected from a database of health cards, and stratified by age and gender. Clinical history, physical examination, and complementary tests will be performed. Aliquots of whole blood and serum samples will be stored at a temperature of-85°C to evaluate future genetic studies. CVR will be estimated by using SCORE project scales calibrated for Spanish population and the Framingham Heart Study scale. When the estimated sample size has been achieved and after a minimum follow-up of 5 years, a final visit will performed in which CVRF, TOD, CVD, CVRF control, and fatal and non-fatal outcomes will be evaluated. DISCUSSION: The RICARTO study is aimed to assess the prevalence of the main CVRF, TOD and CVD in order to determine the CVR in the general population of a health area of Toledo. An analysis will be repeated on the final sample after at least 5 years of follow-up to ascertain the incidence of CV outcomes and the temporal trends of life style, as well as the prevalence of CVRF, TOD, and CVD.

[Characteristics and cardiovascular events in a general population included in the RICARTO (RIesgo CARdiovascular TOledo) study: Data from the first 1,500 individuals included in the study]. / Características de la población general incluida en el estudio RICARTO (RIesgo CARdiovascular y eventos cardiovasculares en la población general del área sanitaria de TOledo): resultados con los primeros 1.500 individuos incluidos en el estudio.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to assess cardiovascular risk (CVR) by investigating the prevalence of CVR factors (CVRF), target organ damage (TOD), and cardiovascular disease (CVD) in general population of the health area of Toledo, Spain. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Epidemiological and observational study that analysed a sample from the general population aged 18years or older, randomly selected from a database of health cards stratified by age and gender. Clinical history, physical examination, and complementary tests were performed. Total blood and serum samples were frozen at -85°C to evaluate genetic studies in the future. Standard statistical analysis was performed. CVR was assessed by the SCORE scale calibrated for the Spanish population, and the Framingham Heart Study scale. RESULTS: A total of 1,500 individuals (mean age 49.1±15.8years, 55.6% women) were included. Prevalences: dyslipidaemia 56.9% (95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 54.3-59.4), hypertension 33.0% (95%CI: 30.6-35.4), diabetes mellitus 8.6% (95%CI: 7.17-10.1), smoking 24.2% (95%CI; 122.0-26.4), obesity 25.3% (95%CI; 23.1-27.5), and sedentary life-style 39.4% (95%CI; 36.9-41.8). No CVRF was reported in 21.1% of cases, and 18.6% had 3-5 CVRF. TOD: electrocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy, 4.3%, peripheral artery disease, 10.1% (Doppler ultrasound), and 15.3% (oscillometric device), microalbuminuria, 4.3%, sub-clinical renal disease, 3.2%, and nephropathy in 3.8% (CKD-EPI). At least one CVD was reported in 9.2% of cases. A low CVR (SCORE) was present in 44.6% of individuals. CONCLUSIONS: Dyslipidaemia was found in 60% of individuals, 40% had a sedentary life-style, 30% with hypertension, 20% smoked, 20% obesity, and almost 10% with diabetes. More than a half of individuals have a moderate-high-very high risk. The prevalence of TOD and CVD are significant.

[Reliability study on the interpretation of electrocardiograms by general practitioners and trainees]. / Estudio de fiabilidad en la interpretación del electrocardiograma por médicos de familia y médicos residentes.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the reliability of the interpretation of electrocardiograms (ECG) by general practitioners and those in training by making a comparison with the interpretation made by the cardiologist. MATERIAL AND METHODS: An observational study was conducted that included general practitioners working in the Toledo Health Area, physicians during their training in Family and Community Medicine, and cardiologists in their first 3 years of specialist training (R1-R3). A questionnaire was used that included 13 ECGs with no clinical details of the patient. The 13 ECGs were selected and their diagnoses made by consensus by 2 cardiologists from the Toledo Hospital Complex. RESULTS: The highest percentage of correct answers (82.3%) was obtained for ECG 5 (atrial fibrillation), and the lowest (26.5%) for ECG 11 (junctional rhythm). The highest diagnostic skill was achieved by the resident cardiologists, general practitioners, medical tutors, and doctors who had worked in hospital emergency departments. The highest odds ratio for a higher diagnostic skill was to work in an emergency department and be a practising general practitioner, both with almost significant results (P<.10). CONCLUSIONS: Family physicians and those in training have a medium level of reliability in the interpretation of an ECG compared to the cardiologist.

Calidad de vida profesional en trabajadores del área de atención primaria de Toledo / Professional quality of life in workers of the Toledo primary care health area

Objetivo: Conocer la calidad de vida profesional de los trabajadores del área sanitaria de Toledo y analizar sus componentes. Material y métodos: Estudio descriptivo transversal realizado entre los profesionales de atención primaria del área sanitaria de Toledo, mediante encuesta anónima autocumplimentada online. Variables principales: edad, sexo, centro de salud, categoría profesional, antigüedad en el puesto de trabajo, desempeño en tareas directivas, pertenencia a comisiones de trabajo, situación laboral y cuestionario de calidad de vida profesional CVP-35. Resultados: Se obtuvieron 430 respuestas (45,3%). Un 68,4% fueron mujeres. Edad media 47,7 ± 8,6 años, experiencia profesional media 21,5 ± 9,7. Los resultados del CVP-35 fueron: apoyo directivo 4,8 ± 1,5; carga de trabajo 6,2 ± 1,3; motivación intrínseca 7,9 ± 1,1; desconexión tras la jornada laboral 6,3 ± 2,6; calidad de vida laboral global 5,2 ± 2,1. Se encontraron diferencias por sexo en percepción de apoyo directivo (4,5 ± 1,5 en varones vs. 4,9 ± 1,5 en mujeres; p = 0,031) y calidad de vida laboral global (4,9 ± 2,0 vs. 5,3 ± 2,1; p = 0,044). Por categoría profesional se hallaron diferencias en la percepción global de la carga de trabajo (6,4 ± 1,1 en facultativos, 6,3 ± 1,3 en enfermería, 5,9 ± 1,6 en no sanitarios y 5,3 ± 1,2 en unidades de apoyo; p < 0,001). Se registraron diferencias por tipo de contrato en motivación intrínseca (propietarios 7,8 ± 1,1, interinos 8,3 ± 1,1 y eventuales 8,2 ± 1,1; p = 0,002). Conclusiones: La calidad de vida profesional entre los trabajadores del área sanitaria de Toledo es similar a la de otras áreas sanitarias nacionales, aun en una situación de crisis económica. La motivación intrínseca de los profesionales es muy alta, contrastando con la alta percepción de carga de trabajo y la baja percepción de apoyo directivo que manifiestan (AU)

Objective: To determine the professional quality of life in the workers of the Toledo Primary Care Health Area and to analyse its components. Material and methods: Descriptive, cross-sectional study, performed on workers of the Toledo Primary Care Health Area with an online self-administered questionnaire. Main variables: age, sex, health centre, professional group, seniority, management experience, collaboration in working groups, employment situation, and the PQL-35 professional quality of life questionnaire. Results: A total of 430 completed questionnaires were received (45.3%), of which 68.4% were women. The mean age was 47.7 ± 8.6 years old. Mean seniority was 21.5 ± 9.7 years. PQL-35 results were: perception of management support 4.8 ± 1.5; perception of workload 6.2 ± 1.3; intrinsic motivation 7.9 ± 1.1; job disconnection capacity 6.3 ± 2.6; and professional quality of life 5.2 ± 2.1. Gender differences were found in perception of management support (4.5 ± 1.5 in males vs 4.9 ± 1.5 in females; P = .031) and professional quality of life (4.9 ± 2.0 vs 5.3 ± 2.1; p=.044). Depending on the professional group, differences were found in the perception of workload (6.4 ± 1.1 in physicians, 6.3 ± 1.3 in nurses, 5.9 ± 1.6 in non-sanitary professionals, and 5.3 ± 1.2 in support units professionals;P < .001). Depending on the employment situation, differences were found in the intrinsic motivation (7.8 ± 1.1 in proprietors, 8.3 ± 1.1 in temporary workers, and 8.2 ± 1.1 in substitutes; P = .002). Conclusions: The professional quality of life in the workers of the Toledo Primary Care Health Area is similar to that of other Spanish Health Areas, even in a time of economic crisis. The intrinsic motivation of the professionals is very high, in contrast with their high perception of workload and their low perception of management support (AU)

[Professional quality of life in workers of the Toledo primary care health area]. / Calidad de vida profesional en trabajadores del área de atención primaria de Toledo.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the professional quality of life in the workers of the Toledo Primary Care Health Area and to analyse its components. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Descriptive, cross-sectional study, performed on workers of the Toledo Primary Care Health Area with an online self-administered questionnaire. MAIN VARIABLES: age, sex, health centre, professional group, seniority, management experience, collaboration in working groups, employment situation, and the PQL-35 professional quality of life questionnaire. RESULTS: A total of 430 completed questionnaires were received (45.3%), of which 68.4% were women. The mean age was 47.7±8.6 years old. Mean seniority was 21.5±9.7 years. PQL-35 results were: perception of management support 4.8±1.5; perception of workload 6.2±1.3; intrinsic motivation 7.9±1.1; job disconnection capacity 6.3±2.6; and professional quality of life 5.2±2.1. Gender differences were found in perception of management support (4.5±1.5 in males vs 4.9±1.5 in females; P=.031) and professional quality of life (4.9±2.0 vs 5.3±2.1; p=.044). Depending on the professional group, differences were found in the perception of workload (6.4±1.1 in physicians, 6.3±1.3 in nurses, 5.9±1.6 in non-sanitary professionals, and 5.3±1.2 in support units professionals; P<.001). Depending on the employment situation, differences were found in the intrinsic motivation (7.8±1.1 in proprietors, 8.3±1.1 in temporary workers, and 8.2±1.1 in substitutes; P=.002). CONCLUSIONS: The professional quality of life in the workers of the Toledo Primary Care Health Area is similar to that of other Spanish Health Areas, even in a time of economic crisis. The intrinsic motivation of the professionals is very high, in contrast with their high perception of workload and their low perception of management support.

Actitudes de los médicos de familia ante la insulinización de diabéticos tipo 2 / Family physician attitudes towards insulinization in type II diabetics

Objetivo: Determinar las actitudes de los médicos de familia del Área Sanitaria de Toledo ante el inicio de la insulinización en pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2). Material y métodos: Estudio observacional, descriptivo, transversal, mediante encuesta elaborada ad hoc con datos sociodemográficos y laborales, e inclusión de la versión española del cuestionario Diabetes Attitude Scale (DAS-3sp) para evaluar actitudes y motivaciones relacionadas con la diabetes, enviada a 353 médicos de familia del Área Sanitaria de Toledo. Resultados: Se recibieron 66 encuestas, siendo mujeres el 50,8%, con una edad media (± desviación estándar) de 49,97 ± 7,40 años. Los resultados en las diferentes subescalas (valores de 1 a 5) del DAS-3sp fueron, respectivamente: S1 (necesidad de entrenamiento especial): 4,52 ± 0,38; S2 (percepción de gravedad): 4,18 ± 0,42; S3 (valoración del control estricto): 4,15 ± 0,39; S4 (valoración del impacto psicosocial): 3,79 ± 0,48, y S5 (autonomía del paciente): 3,72 ± 0,55. No se obtuvieron diferencias estadísticamente significativas al comparar las 4 primeras subescalas con el sexo, la formación vía MIR, el ser tutor de residentes, el tipo de contrato o la ubicación de la consulta. Se encontraron diferencias en la subescala S5 por sexo (3,90 ± 0,60 en varones vs 3,54 ± 0,45 en mujeres; t = 2,701; p = 0,009) y por ser tutor de residentes (3,99 ± 0,58 frente a 3,64 ± 0,52 de los no tutores; t = 2,188; p = 0,033). Conclusiones: Entre los médicos de familia del Área Sanitaria de Toledo, las actitudes con respecto al inicio del tratamiento con insulina en pacientes con DM2 son positivas, especialmente en lo referido a los aspectos clínicos, siendo menor en los aspectos más relacionados con el impacto psicosocial en el paciente y su autonomía (AU)

Aim: To determine the attitudes of Toledo Health Area family physicians about starting insulinization in type 2 diabetic patients. Materials and methods: Descriptive, cross-sectional study. A self-completed questionnaire was given to 353 family physicians of the Toledo Health Area, asking about socio-demographic and occupational data, and including the Spanish version of the Diabetes Attitude Scale (DAS-3sp) questionnaire to evaluate attitudes and motivations related to diabetes. Results: A total of 66 responses were received, of which 50.8% were from females. Mean age (± standard deviation) was 49.97 ± 7.40. Results of the different DAS-3sp subscales (values from 1 to 5) were: S1 (need for special training): 4.52 ± 0.38; S2 (seriousness of type 2 diabetes): 4.18 ± 0.42; S3 (value of tight control): 4.15 ± 0.39; S4 (psychosocial impact of diabetes): 3.79±0.48; and S5 (need for patient autonomy): 3.72 ± 0.55. No statistically significant differences were obtained with the four first subscales with sex, specialized training, being a resident tutor, type of contract or clinical setting. There were statistically significant differences in S5 compared with sex (3.90±0,60 in men vs 3.54 ± 0.45 in women; t = 2.701; P = .009) and with being a resident tutor (3.99±0.58 vs 3.64±0.52 in non-tutors; t = 2.188; P = .033). Conclusions: The attitudes regarding starting insulin treatment in type 2 diabetic patients are positives among Toledo Health Area family physicians, specially in the clinical aspects, but they are lower in the psychosocial impact and patient autonomy (AU)

[Family physician attitudes towards insulinization in type II diabetics]. / Actitudes de los médicos de familia ante la insulinización de diabéticos tipo 2.

AIM: To determine the attitudes of Toledo Health Area family physicians about starting insulinization in type 2 diabetic patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Descriptive, cross-sectional study. A self-completed questionnaire was given to 353 family physicians of the Toledo Health Area, asking about socio-demographic and occupational data, and including the Spanish version of the Diabetes Attitude Scale (DAS-3sp) questionnaire to evaluate attitudes and motivations related to diabetes. RESULTS: A total of 66 responses were received, of which 50.8% were from females. Mean age (±standard deviation) was 49.97±7.40. Results of the different DAS-3sp subscales (values from 1 to 5) were: S1 (need for special training): 4.52±0.38; S2 (seriousness of type2 diabetes): 4.18±0.42; S3 (value of tight control): 4.15±0.39; S4 (psychosocial impact of diabetes): 3.79±0.48; and S5 (need for patient autonomy): 3.72±0.55. No statistically significant differences were obtained with the four first subscales with sex, specialized training, being a resident tutor, type of contract or clinical setting. There were statistically significant differences in S5 compared with sex (3.90±0,60 in men vs 3.54±0.45 in women; t=2.701; P=.009) and with being a resident tutor (3.99±0.58 vs 3.64±0.52 in non-tutors; t=2.188; P=.033). CONCLUSIONS: The attitudes regarding starting insulin treatment in type2 diabetic patients are positives among Toledo Health Area family physicians, specially in the clinical aspects, but they are lower in the psychosocial impact and patient autonomy.

[Lipid profile in patients admitted with acute coronary syndrome in Spain: data from Toledo health care area between 2005 and 2008]. / Perfil lipídico en pacientes ingresados por síndrome coronario agudo en España: datos del área sanitaria de Toledo entre los años 2005 y 2008.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the lipid profile of patients admitted with acute coronary syndrome in Toledo (Spain) between 2005 and 2008. METHODS: Total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol and triglyceride levels were evaluated. Descriptive analyses and means comparison were performed. RESULTS: 1,381 patients of 3,986 admitted with acute coronary syndrome had a complete lipid profile. The mean age was 67.8±12.9 years (72.4% men). A first event was present in 76.3%. The mean total cholesterol (±SD) was 180.0±43.4, LDL-cholesterol 115±38.0, HDL-cholesterol 44.1±12.3, and triglyceride 145.3±92.4mg/dL, with statistically significant differences between men and women in LDL-cholesterol (116.3±37.8 vs 111.6±38.5mg/dL; p=0.04) and HDL-cholesterol (42.3±11.6 vs 48.4±13.2mg/dL; p=0.0001). In first or recurrent events were found, respectively, total cholesterol 179.1±43.1 and 174.5±44.1 (p<0.05), LDL-cholesterol 116.5±38.4 and 110±36.5 (p=0.007), HDL-cholesterol 44.1±12.2 and 44.2±12.9 (p<0.05), and triglyceride 141.2±81.7 and 158.5±119.7 (p=0.03). Optimal levels of LDL-cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol were found in 14.1 and 11.6% of patients with recurrent episodes, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: While most patients admitted with first episode of acute coronary syndrome to the Toledo Health Area have a lipid profile according to current guidelines, only 10% of those with recurrent acute coronary syndrome presented optimal LDL-cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol levels, which suggest the need to be more aggressive in the lipids control.

Perfil lipídico en pacientes ingresados por síndrome coronario agudo en España: datos del área sanitaria de Toledo entre los años 2005 y 2008 / Lipid profile in patients admitted with acute coronary syndrome in Spain: data from Toledo health care area between 2005 and 2008

Introducción y objetivos. Evaluar el perfil lipídico de los pacientes ingresados por síndrome coronario agudo en Toledo entre 2005 y 2008. Métodos. Se estudiaron los niveles de colesterol total, colesterol unido a las lipoproteínas de baja densidad (cLDL), colesterol unido a las lipoproteínas de alta densidad (cHDL) y triglicéridos. Se realizó estadística descriptiva y comparación de medias. Resultados. De los 3.986 ingresados por síndrome coronario agudo, 1.381 pacientes tenían perfil lipídico completo. El 76,3% eran primeros episodios. La edad media fue 67,8 ± 12,9 años (72,4% hombres). El colesterol total medio (± DE) fue 180,0 ± 43,4, cLDL 115 ± 38,0, cHDL 44,1 ± 12,3, y triglicéridos 145,3 ± 92,4 mg/dl, con diferencias significativas entre hombres y mujeres en el cLDL (116,3 ± 37,8 vs 111,6 ± 38,5 mg/dl; p = 0,04) y cHDL (42,3 ± 11,6 vs 48,4 ± 13,2 mg/dl; p = 0,0001). En primeros episodios y episodios recurrentes se halló, respectivamente, colesterol total 179,1 ± 43,1 y 174,5 ± 44,1 (p < 0,05), cLDL 116,5 ± 38,4 y 110,0 ± 36,5 (p = 0,007), cHDL 44,1 ± 12,2 y 44,2 ± 12,9 (p < 0,05), y triglicéridos 141,2 ± 81,7 y 158,5 ± 119,7 mg/dl (p = 0,03). Se observaron niveles óptimos de cLDL y cHDL en el 14,1 y en el 11,6%, respectivamente, de los episodios recurrentes. Conclusiones. Aunque la mayoría de pacientes ingresados por primeros episodios de síndrome coronario agudo presenta un perfil lipídico adecuado, solo el 10% de pacientes con episodios recurrentes muestran niveles óptimos de c-LDL y c-HDL, lo que sugiere la necesidad de ser más rigurosos en el control lipídico (AU)

Introduction and objectives. To evaluate the lipid profile of patients admitted with acute coronary syndrome in Toledo (Spain) between 2005 and 2008. Methods. Total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol and triglyceride levels were evaluated. Descriptive analyses and means comparison were performed. Results. 1,381 patients of 3,986 admitted with acute coronary syndrome had a complete lipid profile. The mean age was 67.8 ± 12.9 years (72.4% men). A first event was present in 76.3%. The mean total cholesterol (±SD) was 180.0 ± 43.4, LDL-cholesterol 115 ± 38.0, HDL-cholesterol 44.1 ± 12.3, and triglyceride 145.3 ± 92.4 mg/dL, with statistically significant differences between men and women in LDL-cholesterol (116.3 ± 37.8 vs 111.6 ± 38.5 mg/dL; p = 0.04) and HDL-cholesterol (42.3 ± 11.6 vs 48.4 ± 13.2 mg/dL; p = 0.0001). In first or recurrent events were found, respectively, total cholesterol 179.1 ± 43.1 and 174.5 ± 44.1 (p < 0.05), LDL-cholesterol 116.5 ± 38.4 and 110 ± 36.5 (p = 0.007), HDL-cholesterol 44.1 ± 12.2 and 44.2 ± 12.9 (p < 0.05), and triglyceride 141.2 ± 81.7 and 158.5 ± 119.7 (p = 0.03). Optimal levels of LDL-cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol were found in 14.1 and 11.6% of patients with recurrent episodes, respectively. Conclusions. While most patients admitted with first episode of acute coronary syndrome to the Toledo Health Area have a lipid profile according to current guidelines, only 10% of those with recurrent acute coronary syndrome presented optimal LDL-cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol levels, which suggest the need to be more aggressive in the lipids control (AU)

Conocimientos y actitudes de la población ante la gripe A (H1N1) / Knowledge and attitudes of population on influenza A (H1N1)

Introducción. La pandemia de gripe A ha supuesto un reto para los sistemas sanitarios mundiales, conllevando una considerable alarma social. No tenemos la seguridad de que los mensajes de las autoridades sanitarias hayan llegado adecuadamente a la población. Objetivo: describir el grado de conocimiento y las actitudes de la población sobre prevención y tratamiento de la gripe A. Métodos. Estudio descriptivo transversal por reclutamiento de usuarios mayores de edad que acuden al Centro de Salud mediante encuesta autocumplimentada elaborada ad hoc. Resultados. Doscientas seis encuestas (60% mujeres), edad media 49,8±17,4 años. El 33,5% se consideraban pertenecientes a grupos de riesgo frente a la gripe A. El 29,13% se había vacunado el año anterior frente a la gripe, por 27,8% el año actual (7,14% frente a gripe A). Los conocimientos correctos sobre síntomas, tratamiento y necesidad de receta para conseguir antivirales fueron del 61%, 32,7% y 70,3%, respectivamente. El 40,1% se consideraba poco o nada informado, obteniendo la información fundamentalmente de la televisión (75,7%). El 37,81% se consideraba bastante o muy preocupado ante la enfermedad, y el 37,24% consideraba que esta era bastante o muy grave. Las actitudes ante el padecimiento de un cuadro catarral no cambiaron respecto a la pauta habitual. Conclusiones. La cobertura vacunal es baja, especialmente ante la gripe A. La población se considera poco informada sobre síntomas y tratamiento de la gripe A. La mayor parte de la información se obtiene de medios no oficiales (televisión). El grado de preocupación y la percepción de gravedad se encuentran en niveles medios. La pandemia no ha alterado las costumbres de la población (AU)

Introduction. The influenza A (H1N1) outbreak has been a challenge for world health systems; it has provoked significant social alarm. We do not know if the health authorities advertisements have been understood by the population. Objective. To describe the knowledge and attitudes of the population on the prevention and treatment of influenza A (H1N1). Methods. Descriptive, cross-sectional study of a population who attended their Health Centre. A self-completed questionnaire was given. Results. There were 206 responses (60% women), with a mean age 49.8±17.4 years old, of which 33.5% thought they belonged to a risk group for A (H1N1)-flu. A total of 29.13% had been immunized against usual flu last season, and 27.8% this season (7.14% against A-flu). Proper knowledge about symptoms, treatment and the need of a prescription for antivirals were 61%, 32.7% and 70.3%, respectively. There was 40.1% who said they had little or no information, getting their information mainly from television (75.7%). A total of 37.81% were quite worried or very worried about the illness, and 37.24% thought it was severe or very severe. The attitudes relating to suffering the illness were similar to seasonal flu. Conclusions. Flu vaccination coverage (especially A-flu) is low. Knowledge of A (H1N1) flu symptoms and treatment was low, and a significant percentage of the population said they had little or no information. The information is mostly taken from unofficial channels (television). Concern about the illness is not great, but there is a perception of the severity. A-flu pandemic has not changed the attitudes of the population (AU)